Mwl Marco

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS.

KINGDOM FUNGI

Member of the kingdom Fungi include fairly familiar organisms such as mushrooms,

toadstools and    bracket fungi.

There are also less obvious but very important members such as mold, which grow on bread, ripe fruits and other food.

Characteristics (General)

1.Eukaryotic

2. More are multicellular, Some are unicellular

3.  Heterotrophic – Saprophytic, parasitic.

4. Reproduce sexually and asexually

5.  Cell walls are made of CHITIN

6.   Store excess carbohydrates in the form of GLYCOGEN.

7. Mycellium (interwoven thread like structures) made of hyphae except for yeasts.

8.   Grow in damp  or wetplacesconditions.

Distinctive Characteristics

1. Cell walls made of CHITIN.

2. Store excess carbohydrates in form of GLYCOGEN.

3.Mycellium (inter woven thread like structures) made of hyphae except for yeasts.

4.Grow in damp conditions.

Kingdom Fungi comprises 3 phyla:

1.PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA(ascomycetes)

Ascomycota are also called sac fungi. They reproduce spores in saclike structure called

ASCI formed as a result of sexual reproduction.

The spores formed as a result of sexual reproduction are called ASCOPORES .

Member of this phylum are baker’s yeast, penicillium, powdery mildew, ringworm fungi.

Fig. powdery mildew

Fig. penicillium

Characteristics of Ascomycetes

i. They are unicellular

ii.Yeast can be found on plant leaves and flowers, in the salt waterin the soil or in warm

blooded animals such as humn being

iiiMany types of yeast can ferment sugars to produce alcohol

iv.Some yeast are used in the production of beer, wine and bread and others cause s diseases

v.They reproduce asexually by budding.

Fig Yeast budding

Budding is whereby a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent cell

2.PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA(zygomycetes)

Members of this phylum produce asexual  through spores in structures called sporangia  and sexually through Zygosporangia

Zygosporangia are thick-walled structures that contain spores and highly resistant to unsuitable environment condition and when condition improve,the spores germinate

Example of Zygomycetes are Rhizopus stolinifer(black brea bread mould) and mucor.

Fig. black bread mould

Fig.Mucor

Characteristics of Zygomycetes

i. They reproduce very fast

iiAt the first appear as a white fluffy substance because of their hyphae

iii.Some hyphae grow into sporangiosphores which develop sporangia, other hyphae grow horizantlly(stolons).

Mucor is anchored by root-like structure called rhozoids which grow from stolons

iv. After they develop spores, the look like a grey substances covering the surface of a plant or an object

v.  Mucor can grow on soil, plants and decaying fruits and vegetables

vi. Some species of mucor are used in the production of cheese

Other may cause infections in animas and also cause rot in harvested apples and pears

3.PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA(Basidiomycete)

Members of this phylum produce sexual structures called Basidia which produce spores called basidia spores.

Basidia are microscopic often club-shaped cells in which maturation of spores clled (basidiospores) takeplace

ExamplesMushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, rusts  fungi and smuts.fungi

fig. a. bracket fungi                                                    b. Apuffball fungi

STRUCTURE OFMUSHROOM

Fig the structure of mushroom

Fig.a toadstool

MUSHROOM
structures







iMushroom grow on dead and decaying matter or in nutrient –rich soil

-They produce enzymes on the surface of their mycelium which help to break down complex food

ii.The pieus is cap on underside of the pileus are special hyphae called Gills

iii.The gills produce basidiospores at their tips

-When mature these spores are flicked into the spaces between the gills and carried away by air currents.

iv.The stalk of mushroom is called stipe

-It ensure that the pileus is well-positioned above the soil for the dispersal of spores

v.Hyphae lie in or on the substrate.They anchor the mushroom and also enable it to absorb nutrient

NB.Fruiting body-is the part of mushroom above the soil

ADVANTAGES OF KINGDOM FUNGI

1.Saprophytic fungi are importantin decomposition of dead organism

-This decomposition releases nutrient into the soil and the a these nutrient absorbed and used by

Plants

2.Mycorrhiza fungi grow amid the roots of leguminous plants such as green grams,beans and peas

-These fungi absorb mineral salts from the soil.The plants use the mineral salts to produce food

3.Yeast is used to ferment various types of carbohydrates in order to produce alcohol.

-It is also used in baking to make dough rise

4.Some types of fungi for,example mushroom are used as food.

-They are a good source of protein

5.Fungi are widely used in genetic engineering and research

6.Yeast is a rick sources of vitamin B and protein

7.Some types of fungi are used in the production of antibiotics.for example penicillin(from penicillin)

8.Yeast cells are used in the the production of lactic acid and citric acid

9.Fungi have been used to alcohol pests that cause damage and disease to agricultural crops

10. Some types of fungi are used in the dairy industry to flavor cheese

DISADVANTAGES OF KINGDOM FUNGI

1.Parasitic fungi cause disease in plants and animals.For example, they are the cause of athletes foot, ringworms and yeast infection in human beings and potato blight, wheat rust and maize rust in plants

2.Fungi produce poisons called mycotoxins.

- The most common mycotoxin is aflatoxin common found in maize, groundnuts and peanuts

3.Dry rot fungi attack the timber used in building houses and making furniture

-This causes destruction of property.hence cause food to spoil

Economic importance of fungi.

Useful Effects

1. Used for food (directly) e.g. Mushrooms

2. Used to make bread e.g. Yeast

3. Used in production of antibiotics e.g. Pencillin

4. Used in brewing industries e.g. Production of alcohol e.g. Yeast

5. Production of acids e.g. Rhizopus

6.Decomposition of organic matter, therefore adds fertility to the soil. E.g. most fungi.

7. Used for biological study e.g. Yeast, mucor, fungi, mushrooms, rhizopus.

2. Harmful Effects:

3.They cause diseases (humans, plants and animals) e.g. Smuts, rusts, candids.

4. Some mushrooms are poisonous e.g. Amonita

5.They spoil foods e.g. Rhizopus and mucor.

6.They destroy furniture and building materials e.g. Rhizopus.

7.They poison food e.g. Aspergillus

KINGDOM PLANTAE

This is made up of the plants

General Characteristics.

1. Have chloroplast which has chlorophyll.

2.Multi cellular.

3.Their cells are eukaryoticwith cellulose cells walls

4.Store extra carbohydrates in the form of starch.

5.Have cell wall made of cellulose.

6.The show localised growth.

7. Show movement of curvature.

8. Responds very slowly to stimuli.

Distinctive

·  Show localized growth.

· Have chloroplast.

·Have cell wallStores excess carbohydrates in the form of starch.

The kingdom is divided into 4 divisions:

·  Division Bryophyta

·   Division Filicinophyta(Pteridophyta)

·   Division Coniferophyta

·   Division Angiospermophyta

Division Bryophyta

Fig A liverwort

Plants in this division includes mosses and liverworts

General characteristics:

1. They generally small in size some mosses are only a few cell thick

2. They have leaf-like(thallus0 and root-like(rhizoid) structures but no true leaves or root..

3.They lack vacular tissues(xylem and Phloem).

4.  Are commonly found in moist areas such as river banks and on trees and rocks in humid areas

5. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.

-They need water during sexual reproduction because the male reproductive cells can only reach the femal reproductive cells by swimming

-Asexually reproduction is by means of spores

6.They show alternation of generations.this means that they have two distinct phases in their cycle.

Gametophyte phase which is dominant over Sporophyte phase

Distinctive

1. Gametophyte generation is dominant over sporophyte generation.

2.They lack xylem and phloem.

3. They survive only in damp area.

4. The gametes depends on water for fertilization e.g. Funeria (moss), Pelia (Liverwarf).

MOSSES

Mosses consist of a stem-like structure bearing spirally arrangedleaf-like extension.They anchored to substrum by rhizoid

Fig the structure

-They reproductive parts of a moss plant are the Antheridium(male organ) and (Archegonium)female organ

-These can be found on separate plants or on the same plant.Antheridium release mobile spers,the sperms swim in the water to reach and fertilize the egg in the archegonium to form a zygote

-The zygote develops into a young sporophyte plants which grow while still attached to the archegonium

-When it matures, the Sporophyte forms  a capsule containing spores.When spores matures, the capsule bursts open and the spores are carried away by the wind.If they land in asuitable place the spores germinate and produce new moss plant

ADVANTAGES OF MOSSES

1.Help to decompose dead logs

2.Mosses serves as pioneer plant on bare ground and help to create environment for growth and development of other plants

3.They retain a lot of water.Therefor help to keep the soil moist

4.They help to prevent soil erosion,when grow in piece of land by holding soil particle together.

5.Mosses provide shelter for insects and other small animals

6.Birds and other animals uses moss as nesting materials

7.They used in cushioning materials in furniture or in shipping example when transport flower

DISADVANTAGES OF MOSSES PLANT

1.They occur as weeds in gardens and other places, making difficult to get rid them

2.Mosses growing around ponds and other small water bodies can grow on water and cover it completely,causing the area to become marshy

Phylum Filicinophyta

This division is made up of ferns.a young fern is called a fiddlehead

General characteristics:

1.Have simple vascular tissues.

2. Plant body is divided into roots (fibrous), stem (rhizome) and leaves.

3.Productive structures are sporangia grow on the underside of the leaves in clusters called sori.

4.They grow in damp, shady areas.

5.They have large leaves called fronds.

6.The sporophyte generation is dominant over the gametophyte generation.

Distinctive:

1.Have large leaves called fronds.

2. Reproductive structures grow under fronds in sporangia which occur in clusters called sori.

3.Young leaves show a circinate fashion (rolled) (coiled) which uncoils as leaf grows to maturity. E.g. fern plant.

FERNS

Ferns have leave called fronds ,stems and roots.The frond has small leaflet called Pinnae(.s.pinna).which connected to Rachis.the rachis is the middle part of the frond.It connected to the Rhizome.Which is the short stem at the base

-The life cycle of ferns involves alternation of generations.The sperms swim to the female eggy through water.Frtilization produce the zgote.The zygote grows into the a new plant (sporongiophore) thathas leaves, stems and roots

Fig .Prothallus

-The fern plant has spore-producing organs called Sporangia(singular Sporangium0 on the underside of the leaves.The sporangia are arranged in the compact groups called Sori(singular.Sorus)

-When the spores are mature the sporangia release them into the air.A spore germinates into prothallus in an environment that is suitable for its development.Prothallus has antheridia and archeonia which produce sperm and an egg respectively

ADVANTAGES OF FERNS

i.Many ferns are grown as ornaments in homes and offices.

ii.They source of food. For various wild animalsin some parts of the world fiddleheads of some types ferns are eaten

iii.Ferns are major components of coal,a fossil fuel which is made up of the remains pof primitives plants

DISADVANTAGES

Ferns can be found as weeds in many places

Economic importance of Bryophyta and Filicinophyta

1.Used in decoration (Filicinophyta)

2.Gives out oxygen which is inhaled by animals (both)

3.Used as cover plants to prevent soil erosion