CLASSIFICATION
OF LIVING THINGS.
KINGDOM FUNGI
Member of the kingdom Fungi
include fairly familiar organisms such as mushrooms,
toadstools
and bracket fungi.
There
are also less obvious but very important members such as mold, which grow on
bread, ripe fruits and other food.
Characteristics (General)
1. Eukaryotic
2. More
are multicellular, Some are unicellular
3. Heterotrophic
– Saprophytic, parasitic.
4. Reproduce
sexually and asexually
5. Cell
walls are made of CHITIN
6. Store
excess carbohydrates in the form of GLYCOGEN.
7. Mycellium
(interwoven thread like structures) made of hyphae except for yeasts.
8. Grow
in damp or wetplacesconditions.
Distinctive Characteristics
1. Cell
walls made of CHITIN.
2. Store
excess carbohydrates in form of GLYCOGEN.
3. Mycellium
(inter woven thread like structures) made of hyphae except for yeasts.
4. Grow
in damp conditions.
Kingdom Fungi comprises 3 phyla:
1.PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA(ascomycetes)
Ascomycota are also called sac
fungi. They reproduce spores in saclike structure called
ASCI formed as a result of sexual
reproduction.
The spores formed as a result of
sexual reproduction are called ASCOPORES .
Member of this phylum are baker’s
yeast, penicillium, powdery mildew, ringworm fungi.
Characteristics of Ascomycetes
i. They are unicellular
ii.Yeast can be found on plant
leaves and flowers, in the salt waterin the soil or in warm
blooded
animals such as humn being
iiiMany types of yeast can
ferment sugars to produce alcohol
iv.Some yeast are used in the
production of beer, wine and bread and others cause s diseases
v.They reproduce asexually by
budding.
Diagram of budding
2.PHYLUM
ZYGOMYCOTA(zygomycetes)
Members of this phylum produce
asexual through spores in structures called sporangia and sexually
through Zygosporangia
Zygosporangia are thick-walled structures
that contain spores and highly resistant to unsuitable environment condition
and when condition improve,the spores germinate
Example of Zygomycetes are
Rhizopus stolinifer(black brea bread mould) and mucor.
Characteristics of Zygomycetes
i. They reproduce very fast
iiAt the first appear as a white
fluffy substance because of their hyphae
iii.Some hyphae grow into
sporangiosphores which develop sporangia, other hyphae grow horizantlly(stolons).
Mucor
is anchored by root-like structure called rhozoids which grow from stolons
iv.
After they develop spores, the look like a grey substances covering the surface
of a plant or an object
v. Mucor can grow on soil,
plants and decaying fruits and vegetables
vi. Some species of mucor are
used in the production of cheese
Other may cause infections in
animas and also cause rot in harvested apples and pears
3.PHYLUM
BASIDIOMYCOTA(Basidiomycete)
Members of this phylum produce
sexual structures called Basidia which produce spores called
basidia spores.
Basidia
are microscopic often
club-shaped cells in which maturation of spores clled (basidiospores) takeplace
ExamplesMushrooms, toadstools,
puffballs, rusts fungi and smuts.fungi
STRUCTURE OFMUSHROOM
i. Mushroom grow on dead and
decaying matter or in nutrient –rich soil
-They produce enzymes on the
surface of their mycelium which help to break down complex food
ii.The pieus is cap on underside
of the pileus are special hyphae called Gills
iii.The
gills produce basidiospores at their tips
-When mature these spores are
flicked into the spaces between the gills and carried away by air currents.
iv.The stalk of mushroom is
called stipe
-It ensure that the pileus is
well-positioned above the soil for the dispersal of spores
v.Hyphae lie in or on the
substrate.They anchor the mushroom and also enable it to absorb nutrient
NB.Fruiting body-is the part of
mushroom above the soil
ADVANTAGES OF KINGDOM FUNGI
1.Saprophytic fungi are
importantin decomposition of dead organism
-This decomposition releases
nutrient into the soil and the a these nutrient absorbed and used by
Plants
2.Mycorrhiza fungi grow amid
the roots of leguminous plants such as green grams,beans and peas
-These
fungi absorb mineral salts from the soil.The plants use the mineral salts to
produce food
3.Yeast is used to ferment
various types of carbohydrates in order to produce alcohol.
-It is also used in baking to
make dough rise
4.Some types of fungi
for,example mushroom are used as food.
-They are a good source of protein
5.Fungi are widely used in genetic
engineering and research
6.Yeast is a rick sources of
vitamin B and protein
7.Some types of fungi are used in
the production of antibiotics.for example penicillin(from penicillin)
8.Yeast cells are used in the the
production of lactic acid and citric acid
9.Fungi have been used to alcohol
pests that cause damage and disease to agricultural crops
10.
Some types of fungi are used in the dairy industry to flavor cheese
DISADVANTAGES OF KINGDOM FUNGI
1.Parasitic fungi cause disease
in plants and animals.For
example, they are the cause of athletes foot, ringworms and yeast infection in
human beings and potato blight, wheat rust and maize rust in plants
2.Fungi produce poisons called
mycotoxins.
- The most common mycotoxin
is aflatoxin common found in maize, groundnuts and peanuts
3.Dry rot fungi attack the timber
used in building houses and making furniture
-This causes destruction of
property.hence cause food to spoil
Economic
importance of fungi.
Useful Effects
1. Used
for food (directly) e.g. Mushrooms
2. Used
to make bread e.g. Yeast
3. Used
in production of antibiotics e.g. Pencillin
4. Used
in brewing industries e.g. Production of alcohol e.g. Yeast
5. Production
of acids e.g. Rhizopus
6. Decomposition
of organic matter, therefore adds fertility to the soil. E.g. most fungi.
7. Used
for biological study e.g. Yeast, mucor, fungi, mushrooms, rhizopus.
2. Harmful
Effects:
3. They
cause diseases (humans, plants and animals) e.g. Smuts, rusts, candids.
4. Some
mushrooms are poisonous e.g. Amonita
5. They
spoil foods e.g. Rhizopus and mucor.
6. They
destroy furniture and building materials e.g. Rhizopus.
7. They
poison food e.g. Aspergillus
KINGDOM
PLANTAE
This is made up of the plants
General Characteristics.
1. Have
chloroplast which has chlorophyll.
2. Multi
cellular.
3. Their
cells are eukaryoticwith cellulose cells walls
4. Store
extra carbohydrates in the form of starch.
5. Have
cell wall made of cellulose.
6. The
show localised growth.
7. Show
movement of curvature.
8. Responds
very slowly to stimuli.
Distinctive
· Show
localized growth.
· Have
chloroplast.
· Have cell wall.
· Stores
excess carbohydrates in the form of starch.
The kingdom is divided into 4
divisions:
· Division Bryophyta
· Division
Filicinophyta(Pteridophyta)
· Division
Coniferophyta
· Division
Angiospermophyta
Division Bryophyta
Plants in this division includes
mosses and liverworts
General characteristics:
1. They
generally small in size some mosses are only a few cell thick
2. They
have leaf-like(thallus0 and root-like(rhizoid) structures but no true leaves or
root..
3. They
lack vacular tissues(xylem and Phloem).
4. Are
commonly found in moist areas such as river banks and on trees and rocks in
humid areas
5. They
reproduce both sexually and asexually.
-They need water during sexual
reproduction because the male reproductive cells can only reach the femal
reproductive cells by swimming
-Asexually reproduction is by
means of spores
6.They show alternation of
generations.this means that they have two distinct phases in their cycle.
Gametophyte phase which is
dominant over Sporophyte phase
Distinctive
1. Gametophyte
generation is dominant over sporophyte generation.
2. They
lack xylem and phloem.
3. They
survive only in damp area.
4. The
gametes depends on water for fertilization e.g. Funeria (moss), Pelia
(Liverwarf).
MOSSES
Mosses consist of a stem-like
structure bearing spirally arrangedleaf-like extension.They anchored to
substrum by rhizoid
-They reproductive parts of a moss
plant are the Antheridium(male organ) and (Archegonium)female
organ
-These can be found on separate
plants or on the same plant.Antheridium release mobile spers,the sperms swim in
the water to reach and fertilize the egg in the archegonium to form a zygote
-The zygote develops into a young
sporophyte plants which grow while still attached to the archegonium
-When it matures, the Sporophyte
forms a capsule containing spores.When spores matures, the capsule bursts
open and the spores are carried away by the wind.If they land in asuitable
place the spores germinate and produce new moss plant
ADVANTAGES OF MOSSES
1.Help to decompose dead logs
2.Mosses serves as pioneer plant
on bare ground and help to create environment for growth and development of
other plants
3.They retain a lot of
water.Therefor help to keep the soil moist
4.They help to prevent soil
erosion,when grow in piece of land by holding soil particle together.
5.Mosses provide shelter for
insects and other small animals
6.Birds and other animals uses
moss as nesting materials
7.They used in cushioning
materials in furniture or in shipping example when transport flower
DISADVANTAGES OF MOSSES PLANT
1.They occur as weeds in gardens
and other places, making difficult to get rid them
2.Mosses growing around ponds and
other small water bodies can grow on water and cover it completely,causing the
area to become marshy
Phylum Filicinophyta
This division is made up of
ferns.a young fern is called a fiddlehead
Diagram
General characteristics:
1. Have
simple vascular tissues.
2. Plant
body is divided into roots (fibrous), stem (rhizome) and leaves.
3. Productive
structures are sporangia grow on the underside of the leaves in clusters called
sori.
4. They
grow in damp, shady areas.
5. They
have large leaves called fronds.
6. The
sporophyte generation is dominant over the gametophyte generation.
Distinctive:
1. Have
large leaves called fronds.
2. Reproductive
structures grow under fronds in sporangia which occur in clusters called sori.
3. Young
leaves show a circinate fashion (rolled) (coiled) which uncoils as leaf grows
to maturity. E.g. fern plant.
FERNS
Ferns have leave called fronds
,stems and roots.The frond has small leaflet called Pinnae(.s.pinna).which
connected to Rachis.the rachis is the middle part of the frond.It connected to
the Rhizome.Which is the short stem at the base
-The life cycle of ferns involves
alternation of generations.The sperms swim to the female eggy through
water.Frtilization produce the zgote.The zygote grows into the a new plant
(sporongiophore) thathas leaves, stems and roots
-The fern plant has spore-producing
organs called Sporangia(singular Sporangium0 on the underside of the leaves.The
sporangia are arranged in the compact groups called Sori(singular.Sorus)
-When the spores are mature the
sporangia release them into the air.A spore germinates into prothallus in an
environment that is suitable for its development.Prothallus has antheridia and
archeonia which produce sperm and an egg respectively
ADVANTAGES OF FERNS
i.Many ferns are grown as
ornaments in homes and offices.
ii.They source of food. For various
wild animalsin some parts of the world fiddleheads of some types ferns are eaten
iii.Ferns are major components of
coal,a fossil fuel which is made up of the remains pof primitives plants
DISADVANTAGES
Ferns can be found as weeds in
many places
Economic
importance of Bryophyta and Filicinophyta
1. Used
in decoration (Filicinophyta)
2. Gives
out oxygen which is inhaled by animals (both)
3. Used
as cover plants to prevent soil erosion